About kidney disease and the stages of diagnosis and treatment

About kidney disease and the stages of diagnosis and treatment

The history and clinical examination were important and central during the diagnosis in the treatment of kidney disease. This may include inquiries about family history, general medical history, diet, drug use, drug use and employment. The physical examination usually includes an assessment of the size of the hydration, blood pressure, skin, joints, abdomen and flank.

Urine examination (urine analysis) allows a direct assessment of possible kidney problems, which may be suggested by the appearance of blood in the urine (hematuria) and protein in the urine (proteinuria), pus cells in the urine (purulenturia) or cancerous cells in the urine. 24-hour urine collection can be used to determine daily protein loss (see proteinuria), urine output, creatinine clearance (glomerular filtration rate) and electrolyte leakage through the renal tubules of the renal tubular unit.

Basic blood tests can be used to check the concentration of hemoglobin, platelets, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, urea, creatinine, calcium, magnesium or phosphate in the blood. All of these can be affected by kidney problems. The serum creatinine concentration can be used to estimate renal function, called creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). More specialized tests can be requested to discover or link some systemic diseases to kidney failure such as infections (hepatitis B and hepatitis C), autoimmune conditions (systemic lupus erythematosus, ANCA), (amyloid, multiple myeloma or myeloma). Multiple) and metabolic diseases (diabetes, cystine disease).

Structural abnormalities of the kidney are determined by imaging tests. These may include medical ultrasound, computerized axial tomography (CT), flash photography (nuclear medicine), angiography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

In certain circumstances, imaging and simple (non-invasive) testing may not provide a clear diagnosis. As the final diagnosis requires, a kidney biopsy (kidney biopsy) can be performed. This usually involves inserting, under local anesthesia, ultrasound or CT guidance, of a basic biopsy needle into the kidneys to obtain a small sample of kidney tissue. The kidney tissue is then examined under a microscope, allowing direct insight into the changes taking place inside the kidney. In addition, diseases may also regulate a problem that affects the kidneys, allowing a measure of prognosis. In some circumstances, a kidney biopsy will also be used to monitor treatment response and to identify early relapse.

The treatment of chronic nephrotic diseases is usually managed with the treatment of causative conditions (such as diabetes) at the same time, while avoiding substances of nephrotoxicity such as radioactive contrast and NSAID), antihypertensives, diet, weight adjustment and planning for the stage of complete disability of the kidneys; failure stage Kidney. Impaired kidney function leads to systemic effects in the body. An erythropoietin stimulator may be needed to ensure adequate red blood cells are produced to prevent anemia, stimulating vitamin D calcitriol, and phosphate binding may be required to counter the effects of kidney failure on bone metabolism and bone osteoporosis, blood volume and electrolyte disorders that may need correction.

Autoimmune disease and autoimmune kidney infections such as vasculitis or transplant rejection can be treated with immunosuppressive drugs and the most common ones are prednisone, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and serolems. Newer and so-called "biological drugs" or monoclonal antibodies, also used in these conditions include rituximab. Blood products including intravenous immunoglobulin and a process known as plasma exchange can also be used.

The kidneys that are not able to protect the needs of the body, the result will be the five stages of kidney failure, the last stage will be total kidney disability. Without renal replacement therapy, death due to kidney failure is the ultimate. Dialysis is an artificial way to replace some of the kidney's functions to prolong life. Transplantation of one kidney instead of the damaged kidneys by transplantation in the patient's body from a healthy donor while stimulating tolerance to the new foreign organ by inhibiting the immune system. At present, kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment for kidney failure in the last stage although its availability worldwide is limited by the lack of donated organs.

Nephrology organizations and societies

International Society of Nephrology, which is involved in the development of renal care worldwide.

The National Kidney Foundation of America is a national organization that represents patients and professionals who treat kidney disease. Founded in 1966,

American Society of Nephrology (ASN).

The American Kidney Nurse Syndicate (ANNA), founded in 1969

The American Association of Kidney Patients (AAKP) is a non-profit, patient-centered association focused on improving the health and well-being of CKD nephropathy and dialysis patients.

The American Kidney Fund provides direct financial support to patients in need, as well as participation in health education and prevention efforts.

(American Society for the Diagnosis of Interventional Nephrology) is the leading organization of interventional medical professionals. Other organizations include CIDA, VASA, and others that deal with dialysis access and vascular processing.

The Kidney Support Network (RSN) is an organization run by a patient-centered, nonprofit group that provides non-medical services to those affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD).

The UK's National Kidney Federation, the Kidney Association represents kidney doctors and works closely with the National Kidney Disease Service framework.

The Egyptian Society of Nephrology (ESNT)

European Kidney Association (ERA-EDTA)

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